Bias 13
Bias 13 : Deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication, or review of data that can lead to conclusions that are systematically different from the truth. Among the ways in which deviation from the truth can occur, are the following: (1) Systematic (one-sided) variation of measurements from the true values (Syn: Wsystematic Error). (2) Variation of statistical summary measures (means, rates, measures of association, etc.) from their true values as a result of systematic variation of measurements, other flaws in data collection, or flaws in study design or analysis. (3) Deviation of inferences from the truth as a result of flaws in study design, data collection, or the analysis or interpretation of results. (4) A tendency of procedures (in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, review or publication) to yield results or conclusions that depart from the truth. (5) Prejudice leading to the conscious or unconscious selection of study procedures that depart from the truth in a particular direction, or to one-sidedness in the interpretation of results
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