Bias, Confounding Factor
Bias, Confounding Factor : A confounding factor is an variable which is related to one or more of the variables defined in a study. A confounding factor may (1) mask an actual association or (2) falsely demonstrate an apparent association between the study variables where no real association between them exists. i.e. Alcohol intake may appear to be positively associated with laryngeal cancer but the actual association may be with the confounding factor of cigarette smoking, i.e., people who drink alcohol may be at increased risk for laryngeal cancer because they may also smoke cigarettes. If confounding factors are not measured and considered, bias may result
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