Technical Aspects: (2) Exposure and Rendering:This is often useful for isolating subjects from backgrounds as in individual portraits or macro photography. Conversely, a shorter lens, or a smaller aperture, will result in more of the image being in focus. This is generally more desirable when photographing landscapes or groups of people. With very small apertures, such as pinholes, a wide range of distance can be brought into focus, but sharpness is severely degraded by diffraction with such small apertures. Generally, the highest degree of "sharpness" is achieved at an aperture near the middle of a lens's range (for example, f/8 for a lens with available apertures of f/2. 8 to f/16). However, as lens technology improves, lenses are becoming capable of making increasingly sharp images at wider apertures. Image capture is only part of the image forming process. Regardless of material, some process must be employed to render the latent image captured by the camera into a viewable image. With slide film, the developed film is just mounted for projection. Print film requires the developed film negative to be printed onto photographic paper or transparency. Digital images may be uploaded to an image server (e. g. , a photo-sharing web site), viewed on a television, or transferred to a computer or digital photo frame. Every type can be printed on more "classical" mediums such as regular paper or photographic paper for examples. A photographer using a tripod for greater stability during long exposure. Prior to the rendering of a viewable image, modifications can be made using several controls. Many of these controls are similar to controls during image capture, while some are exclusive to the rendering process. Most printing controls have equivalent digital concepts, but some create different effects. For example, dodging and burning controls are different between digital and film processes. Other printing modifications include: Chemicals and process used during film development Duration of print exposure – equivalent to shutter speed Printing aperture – equivalent to aperture, but has no effect on depth of field Contrast – changing the visual properties of objects in an image to make them distinguishable from other objects and the background Dodging – reduces exposure of certain print areas, resulting in lighter areas Burning in – increases exposure of certain areas, resulting in darker areas Paper texture – glossy, matte, etc. Paper type – resin-coated (RC) or fiber-based (FB) Paper size Exposure Shape resulting prints in shapes such as circular, oval, loupe, etc. Toners – used to add warm or cold tones to black-and-white prints