Homeland security's complex and demanding nature requires a permanent planning organization with dedicated and trained planners. (1) The permanent planning organization's purpose is the continuous planning that addresses the homeland security requirements to prepare the Nation for potential terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and other emergencies. The planners in this organization must have the skills and judgments normally gained through an extensive education, training, and assignment background. The planning organization will be routinely augmented by functional subject matter experts and liaisons from organizations that have a role in the homeland security operations being planned. Permanent planning organizations will often require additional duty planners that provide unique subject matter expertise to particular planning efforts. The leadership of the permanent planning organization must ensure these planners are trained and integrated into the planning effort seamlessly. (2) Temporary planning organizations are formed for limited times to achieve limited planning objectives. They may be repeatedly formed and disbanded, or organized as exceptional circumstances require. However, these organizations should contain one or two members whose full-time role is planning and can facilitate the organization's planning effort. (FEMA, (Interim) Integrated Planning System (IPS) for Homeland Security (Draft Version 2.3), July 3, 2008 copy, p. 2-11)