(1) “The prevention mission includes operations and activities to reduce risk of threats and vulnerabilities, to intervene and stop an occurrence, or to mitigate effect. Homeland security prevention is generally achieved via counter-terrorism operations and is usually led by members of the law enforcement community”. (DHS, Chapter 2, Capstone Doctrine Pub 1 Draft, 2008, 5). (2) Prevent: “Actions to avoid an incident or to intervene or stop an incident from occurring. Prevention involves actions taken to protect lives and property. It involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of activities that may include such countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security operations; investigations to determine the full nature and source of the threat; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and, as appropriate, specific law enforcement operations aimed at deterring, preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity and apprehending potential perpetrators and bringing them to justice” (DHS/ODP, State and Urban Area HS Strategy: Guidance, June 2005, p. 3 (citing DHS, NIMS, March 2004). (3) Prevent: “Actions to avoid an incident or to intervene to stop an incident from occurring. Prevention involves actions taken to protect lives and property, including: intelligence and deterrence operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security operations; investigations; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and certain law enforcement operations. Public announcements, evacuation planning, infrastructure improvements and citizen disaster preparation also are important especially when considering an “all hazards” approach”. (DHS, Fiscal Year 2006 Homeland Security Grant Program: Application Kit and Program, October 5, 2005, pp. 1-2). (4) Prevent: “Deter all potential terrorists from attacking America, detect terrorists before they strike, prevent them and their instruments of terror from entering our country, and take decisive action to eliminate the threat they pose”. (DHS, UTL 2.1, 2005, p. 20)