(1) “Prevention involves actions to interdict, disrupt, pre-empt or avert a potential incident. This includes homeland security and law enforcement efforts to prevent terrorist attacks. Prevention includes actions to: (1) Collect, analyze, and apply intelligence and other information; (2) Conduct investigations to determine the full nature and source of the threat; (3) Implement countermeasures such as inspections, surveillance, security and infrastructure protection; (4) Conduct tactical operations to interdict, preempt, or disrupt illegal activity; and to apprehend and prosecute the perpetrators; (5) Conduct public health surveillance and testing processes, immunizations, and isolation or quarantine for biological and agricultural threats; and (6) Deter, defeat, detect, deny access or entry, and take decisive action to eliminate threats”. (DHS, National Response Plan (Draft #1), February 25, 2004). (2) “Actions to avoid an incident or to intervene to stop an incident from occurring. Prevention involves actions taken to protect lives and property. It involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of activities that may include such countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security operations; investigations to determine the full nature and source of the threat; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and, as appropriate, specific law enforcement operations aimed at deterring, preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity and apprehending potential perpetrators and bringing them to justice. (DHS, NIMS, 2004, pp. 134-135). (3) “Actions taken to avoid an incident or to intervene to stop an incident from occurring. Prevention involves actions taken to protect lives and property. Involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of activities that may include such countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security operations; investigations to determine the full nature and source of the threat; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing processes; and, as appropriate, specific law enforcement operations aimed at deterring, preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity and apprehending potential perpetrators and bringing them to justice”. (DHS, NIPP 2006, p. 104; FEMA NIMS 2007, 156). (4) “Prevention consists of those activities that serve to detect, deter, and disrupt terrorist threats or actions against the United States and its interests. These activities decrease the perpetrators’ chance of success, mitigate attack impact, minimize attack visibility, increase the chance of apprehension or detection, and obstruct perpetrators’ access to resources. Tasks in this area are important regardless of a single type of threat, adversary capability, time or location of incident. Similarly, these capabilities reflect many tasks routinely undertaken by law enforcement and related organizations as they conduct traditional all-hazards, all-crimes activities. This capability applies to all potential terrorist incidents and is applicable to all 12 terrorism-related National Planning Scenarios. Initial planning, however, has been focused on bombing using improvised explosives device, chlorine tank explosion, aerosol anthrax, improvised nuclear device, and a radiological dispersal. “Effective prevention depends on timely, accurate, and actionable information about the adversary, their operations, their support, potential targets, and methods of attack. Homeland security intelligence/information fusion is the overarching process of managing the development and flow of information and intelligence across all levels and sectors of government and the private sector on a continual basis. Although the primary emphasis of fusion is to identify, deter, and respond to emerging terrorism-related threats and risks, a collateral benefit to Federal, State, local, and tribal entities is that it will support ongoing efforts to address non-terrorism-related, all-hazards, all-crimes issues”. (DHS, TCL, 2007, p. 76). (5) “Prevention is a broad term that is often contextually defined. In the context of terrorism employing weapons of mass destruction (WMD), the National Strategy for Homeland Security includes the following elements that comprise prevention: (1) “…deter all potential terrorists from attacking America through our uncompromising commitment to defeating terrorism wherever it appears”. (2) “…detect terrorists before they strike”. (3) “…prevent them and their instruments of terror from entering our country”. (4) “…take decisive action to eliminate the threat they pose”. (DHS, The ODP Guidelines for HS: Prevention and Deterrence, 2003, p. 2). (6) “Deter all potential terrorists from attacking America, detect terrorists before they strike, prevent them and their instruments of terror from entering our country, and take decisive action to eliminate the threat they pose”. (DHS, Universal Task List 2.1, 2005, p. B-3). (7) “The security procedures undertaken by the public and private sectors in order to discourage terrorist acts”. (DoD, DOD Dictionary of Military and Related Terms, 2007). (8) “Action taken to reduce known risks”. (EEA, EEA Environmental Glossary; cites: EEA. 1991. Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896-2000). (9) “The Prevention mission area encompasses activities that serve to detect and disrupt terrorist threats or actions against the United States and its interests. They are actions taken to avoid an incident or to intervene to stop an incident from occurring, and involve actions taken to prevent the loss of lives and property. Prevention involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of activities that may include such countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security operations; investigations to determine the full nature and source of the threat; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and, as appropriate, specific law enforcement operations aimed at deterring, preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity and apprehending potential perpetrators and bringing them to justice. Prevention also includes activities undertaken by the first responder community during the early stages of an incident to reduce the likelihood or consequences of threatened or actual terrorist attacks”. (FEMA, HSEEP Glossary, 2008). (10) “Prevention comprises actions taken and measures put in place to reduce risk of threats and vulnerabilities, to intervene and stop an occurrence, or to mitigate effects of a potential incident, be it naturally occurring or man-made.103 Prevention planning will identify actions that minimize the possibility of a natural or man-made disaster adversely affecting the safety, security, or continuity of the Nation, its critical infrastructures, its inhabitants, and their civil rights and liberties. Prevention planning for terrorist attacks will focus on reducing the likelihood or consequence of threatened or actual terrorist attacks.104 These planning efforts will be aligned with the broader efforts of the National Implementation Plan for the War on Terror to disrupt and prevent terrorist attacks on the homeland, deny terrorist and terrorist weapons entry to the United States and disrupt terrorist ability to operate within the borders of the United States. Prevention planning must ensure the complete exploitation of classified and unclassified information to increase the likelihood of successfully thwarting terrorists’ plans.105 Many aspects of prevention planning are sensitive and must be produced in and controlled in a classified or law enforcement sensitive environment”. (FEMA, (Interim) Integrated Planning System (IPS) for Homeland Security (Draft Version 2.3), July 3, 2008 copy, p. 2-6). (11) “Actions to avoid a hazard occurrence, or to avoid or minimize the hazard impact (consequences) if it does occur. Prevention involves actions to protect lives and property. Under HSPD-5, it involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of activities that may include such countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security operations; investigations to determine the full nature and source of the threat; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and as appropriate specific law enforcement operations aimed at deterring, preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity, and apprehending potential perpetrators and bringing them to justice”. (HHS, Medical Surge Capacity and Capability Handbook, August 2004, p. D-9, Glossary). (12) “Measures that enable an organization to avoid, preclude, or limit the impact of a disruption”. (ISO 22399, Societal Security…, 2007, 5). (13) “Activities to avoid an incident or to stop an emergency from occurring”. (NFPA 1600, 2007, p. 8) “Activities, tasks, programs, and systems intended to avoid or intervene in order to stop an incident from occurring. Prevention can apply both to human-caused incidents (such as terrorism, vandalism, sabotage, or human error) as well as to naturally occurring incidents. Prevention of human-caused incidents can include applying intelligence and other information to a range of activities that includes such countermeasures as deterrence operations, heightened inspections, improved surveillance and security operations, investigations to determine the nature and source of the threat, and law enforcement operations directed at deterrence, preemption, interdiction, or disruption”. (NFPA 1600, 2007, p. 11). (14) “The term ‘prevention’ means any activity undertaken to avoid, prevent, or stop a threatened or actual act of terrorism”. (Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006, p. 1424). (15) “Encompasses activities designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. It includes engineering and other physical protective measures, and also legislative measures controlling land use and urban planning. See also: ‘preparedness’”. (UNDHA. Internationally Agreed Glossary…, 1992, 59). (16) “Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of hazards and related environmental, technological and biological disasters”. (UN/ISDR 2002, 25). (17) “(d) Prevention. The Office [Homeland Security] shall coordinate efforts to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States. In performing this function, the Office shall work with Federal, State, and local agencies, and private entities, as appropriate, to: (1) facilitate the exchange of information among such agencies relating to immigration and visa matters and shipments of cargo; and, working with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, ensure coordination among such agencies to prevent the entry of terrorists and terrorist materials and supplies into the United States and facilitate removal of such terrorists from the United States, when appropriate; (2) coordinate efforts to investigate terrorist threats and attacks within the United States; and (3) coordinate efforts to improve the security of United States borders, territorial waters, and airspace in order to prevent acts of terrorism within the United States, working with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, when appropriate”. (White House, EO 13228, Establishing Office of Homeland Security, October 8, 2001). (18) “The term ‘prevention’ refers to activities undertaken by the first responder community during the early stages of an incident to reduce the likelihood or consequences of threatened or actual terrorist attacks”. (White House, HSPD-8, December 2003). (19) “The first priority of homeland security is to prevent terrorist attacks. The United States aims to deter all potential terrorists from attacking America through our uncompromising commitment to defeating terrorism wherever it appears. We also strive to detect terrorists before they strike, to prevent them and their instruments of terror from entering our country, and to take decisive action to eliminate the threat they pose. These efforts-which will be described in both the National Strategy for Homeland Security and the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism-take place both at home and abroad. The nature of modern terrorism requires a global approach to prevention”. (White House, National Strategy for HS, 2002, p. 2). (20) “The term ‘prevention’ refers to activities undertaken by the first responder community during the early stages of an incident to reduce the likelihood or consequences of threatened or actual terrorist attacks”. (White House, HSPD-8, December 2003)