(1) Actions to avoid an incident or to intervene to stop an incident from occurring. Prevention involves actions to protect lives and property. It involves applying intelligence and other information to a range of activities that may include such countermeasures as deterrence operations; heightened inspections; improved surveillance and security operations; investigations to determine the full nature and source of the threat; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine; and, as appropriate, specific law enforcement operations aimed at deterring, preempting, interdicting, or disrupting illegal activity and apprehending potential perpetrators and bringing them to justice. (NRF 1/08, NIMS 12/08) The term "prevention" in DHS documents is a homeland security industry application that generally describes law enforcement, intelligence and counterterrorism activities, based upon HSPD-8, to proactively lesson the terrorism risk (see next bullet). This is homeland security, not emergency management , and should be distinguished from the "prevention" activities within the Mitigation phase of Comprehensive Emergency Management. (2) The term "prevention" refers to activities undertaken by the first responder community during the early stages of an incident to reduce the likelihood or consequences of threatened or actual terrorist attacks. (HSPD-8, December 2003)