A “broad study of the measures necessary to an effective civil defense of the United States against all forms of attack…conducted by Associated Universities, Inc…. In additon to outlining the military measures precedent to a manageable civil defense and the measures essential to caryying out reduction of urban vulnerability, Project East River analyzed the overall civil defense problem, organization, and projected program. The resulting reports contained more than 200 specific recommendations… Project East River recommended that the following principles and concepts be accepted as the essential framework upon which an adequate civil defense system can be built: (1) Civil defense must be a permanent partner in national defense…. (2) The civil defense program must emphasize, as a positive goal of first priority, those activities that will improve the individual citizen’s chance of survival and minimize his proper damage in the case of enemy attack…. (3) A civilain civil defense must be developed to the maximum degree possible…. (4) Civil defense must be organized and operated on the principle that existing agencies and facilities should be used to the greatest extent possible…. (5) Civil defense must be accomplished, in the main, as an extension of the normal duties of various officials at all levels of government, assisted by volunteers and volunteer organizations…. (6) Dual use of equipment and facilities for civil defense should be encouraged to the maximum practical degree…. (7) All areas of the United States are not of equal vulnerability to the several elements of the threat and civil defense programs must be adjusted to the requirements of the individual area…. (8) Reduction of target vulnerability is an essential function of civil defense…”. (FCDA, 1953 Annual Report, pp. 62-63)