"The key elements of the public warning process include: (1) Data collection and analysis. Development or collection of data regarding a potential hazard and the analysis of that data by experts as to the potential risk associated with the hazard. (2) Deciding to issue a warning. Review of the data and the expert analysis by the appropriate authorities and the reaching of a decision to issue a warning to the public. (3) Framing the warning. Creating a warning message for the public that includes pertinent information such as the nature of the hazard, the risk the affected area, and the protective actions that are recommended. (4) Disseminating the warning. Distribution of the warning through all appropriate and available channels. This could include sirens, the Emergency Alert System, the media and specialized warning services such as telephone dial-out. The warning is also disseminated to those with special needs (e.g. blind, deaf, non-English speaking). (5) Public Reception. Members of the public at risk hear the alert and understand the warning. (6) Validation. Before taking action most members of the public will seek to validate the warning by going to alternate information sources to see if the same message is being sent. (7) Take Action. Members of the public take appropriate protective action to protect themselves, their families and their property". (PPW, Protecting America's Communities, 2004, p. 5)