The rotational components of ground motion. In classical elasticity and assuming infinitesimal deformations, ω = ½ (∇× u(x)), where ω is a pseudo vector and represents the angle of rigid rotation generated by the disturbance, ∇× is the curl operator, and u is the displacement of a point at x. See e.g., Aki and Richard (2002 and 2009, p. 13), and Cochard et al. (2006, p. 394)