Restrictions imposed by one or more countries upon another for political reasons. They may take a number of forms, of which economic and targeted sanctions are most common. Economic Sanctions: Restrictions on the international trade and finance of a country. Experience has shown that such measures can have devastating impacts on the civilian populations in countries under a sanctions regime. Targeted (or "smart") Sanctions: Restrictions designed to impact on the elite in a given country in order to minimise effects on innocent civilians. They allow trade in unambiguously humanitarian goods and require centralized scrutiny of "dual-use" goods that can be used for both military and civilian purposes. Humanitarian exemptions would include food medicines and clothing, whereas smart sanctions may include freezing leaders' overseas accounts, a strong arms embargo, and limitations on goods of value to weapons research. (OCHA)