Torque 13
Torque 13 :
Torque is a cause of the rotational motion of a body (i.e., rotational analogue of force). Torque is equal to the moment of force plus proper torque, which does not depend upon forces. Moment of force is the tendency of a force applied to an object to cause the object to rotate about a given point, and this tendency is expressed by the equation, N = r x F, where N is the torque, r is the position vector from the origin to the point of application of force, and F is the total force acting on the point (Morris, 1992, p. 2235; Goldstein, 1950, p.2). Independent (proper) torques were introduced for the first time by Leonhard Euler in the theory of rods. In micropolar theories, each elementary material volume is subjected to forces as well as to independent torques (which may be caused, for instance, by moment of forces on the next micro level, or may have another origin)
