These are locally- tailored exercises involving all key local officials, and EOC and other personnel, and two or more such exercises shall have been held- Totalsystem exercises are appropriate and useful only when the community has developed its emergency procedures and organization to the point where all elements can be exercised and tested together. Total-system exercises are designed and conducted to meet the following objectives: (1) Exercising the making of coordinated responses and assignment of resources under simulated peacetime disaster or attack conditions (a fallout-only or a fallout-blast-fire situation, as appropriate in the locality). whether based on a peacetime or attack-caused disaster scenario, the exercise shall include problems for all elements of the local emergency organization, requiring maximum use of existing local capabilities. Half or more of the problems shall be such as to require operational coordination between at least two services. The exercise shall be tailored to the jurisdiction's actual organization and EOC and other procedures. (2) Exercising decision-making and operations involving all elements of the local emergency organization. This shall involve the entire EOC staff. In addition, it is strongly recommended that all other key elements of the local emergency organization be involved to the maximum extent possible (e.g., selected police and fire units, radiological monitors, shelter managers, Shelter Complex Headquarters staffs, communications personnel,' hospital administrators and staffs, welfare group directors, news media personnel, and others with emergency assignments outside of the EOC). Hospital disaster plans can be exercised in conjunction with the exercise involving other elements of the jurisdiction's emergency organization. In cases where it is not possible to involve the majority of the organization outside the EOC, simulation techniques may be used to represent such groups. However, any capability or organization simulated must actually exist, and evaluators must have reasonable confidence that such group could actually have carried out the functions that were represented by simulation in the exercise. (E.g., if the radiological monitoring organization is simulated, it must be an actual capability even if radiological monitors were not physically located at monitoring stations of in shelters during the exercise. Confidence that the RM organization could actually have carried out the functions simulated shall be based on previous sub-system exercises or training involving the RN organization). Thus, total-system exercises differ from many of the Emergency Operations Simulation (EOS) exercises that localities have had in that EOS's often simulate emergency organizations and capabilities that do not exist, or are not fully ready to operate. (DCPA, Standards for Local Civil Preparedness, 1978, pp. 35-36)