TIRs are any hazardous radioactive material manufactured, used, transported, or stored by industrial, medical, or commercial processes. Radioactive waste, such as spent fuel rods and medical radiological material, is a major source of these materials. By far the largest quantities of radioactive waste - in terms of both radioactivity and volume - are generated by the commercial nuclear power and military nuclear weapons production industries, and by nuclear fuel cycle activities to support these industries such as uranium mining and processing. Radioactive waste is classified by origin not on the physical and chemical properties of the waste that could determine its safe management. Radioactive materials can produce toxic or long term health effects to personnel, and can cause contamination. Damaging effects from radiological materials are caused by neutron, gamma, beta, and alpha ionizing radiation. (JCS/DOD, CBRNE CM (JP 4-41), 2006, p. I-8)