Application in France: Until 1999, the firefighting in France was performed according the "Rules of instruction and maneuvers" (Règlement d'instructions et de manoeuvres, RIM). The firefighters acted in teams of three members, called "trinomial" (trinôme): one chief, one deputy chief and one support; a fire engine with eight people thus had two trinom, an engine chief (chef d'agrès) and a driver. In the 1990s, the Paris Fire Brigade started to work with teams of two people, called "binomial teams" (équipes en binôme) or shortly "binomials" (binômes). This organisation was generalised to the whole France in a departmental order signed by the minister of Internal Affairs the 3 February 1999. An engine with eight people now has three binomials, an engine chief and a driver; an engine with six people has two binomials, an engine chief and a driver. A binomial can be assigned two types of missions: (a) exploration and attack mission (binôme d'attaque, BAT); (b) water supply and support mission (binôme d'alimentation, BAL). The mission can change during an intervention, i. e. an attack binomial can become a supply binomial or vice versa. The "usual" intervention (simple fire with only one fire engine and six people, no casualty, no specific risk) thus involves two binomials. (1) The engine chief makes a reconnaissance with an attack binomial. The other binomial stands by outside, ready to help the reconnaissance team. (2) The attack binomial unrolls the fire hoses at the "attack point" defined by the engine chief and prepare to go to the target also defined by the engine chief. The supply binomial joins the attack point to the fire engine with hoses. (3) The attack binomial starts the firefighting. The supply binomial joins the fire engine to the hydrant. (4) The supply binomial stands by, ready to help the attack binomial. The overall organisation is the same when more engines are involved