Constable 07
Constable 07 : Historical Usage: (5) United Kingdom: There are records of parish constables by the 17th century in the county records of Buckinghamshire; traditionally they were elected by the parishioners, but from 1617 onwards were typically appointed by justices of the peace in each county. The system of policing by unpaid parish constables continued in England until the 19th century; in the London metropolitan area it was ended by the creation of the Metropolitan Police by the Metropolitan Police Act 1829, and outside London by the County Police Act 1839, which allowed counties to establish full-time professional police forces. However, the lowest rank of the new police forces was still called "constable", and most outside London were headed by a chief constable. This system is still used today. The modern day police forces of England and Wales have their origins in the evolution of constabularies (bodies of constables). Legislation existed to appoint constables, but often did not direct how such bodies should operate and what organisational form they should take. The Police Act 1964 modernised the historic and evolutionary arrangements through establishing a number of geographical police forces, which merged many constabularies. The Police Act 1964 gave direction on the organisational form of police forces, the appointment of officers and disciplinary matters. In essence, the Police Act 1964 provided a statutory governance framework. The Act established the 'tripartite' model of policing, which formed Police Authorities and gave a three way balance of power between the Chair of the Authority, the Chief Constable and the Home Secretary. This arrangement varied within London for both the Metropolitan Police and the City of London Police. The Police Act 1964 was superseded by the Police Act 1996, which contained similar provisions. Further legislation was introduced for the British Transport Police and the Civil Nuclear Constabulary that was similar in defining their organisational form and embedding governance arrangements
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