Detectors 193
Detectors 193 : Particle Detectors: (4.25) Single-Photon Avalanche Diode: (1) Operating Principle: (1. 5) Internal Noise: Besides photon-generated carriers, thermally-generated carriers (through generation-recombination processes within the semiconductor) can also fire the avalanche process. Therefore, it is possible to observe output pulses when the SPAD is in complete darkness. The resulting average number of counts per second is called dark count rate and is the key parameter in defining the detector noise. It is worth noting that the reciprocal of the dark count rate defines the mean time that the SPAD remains biased above breakdown before being triggered by an undesired thermal generation. Therefore, in order to work as a single-photon detector, the SPAD must be able to remain biased above breakdown for a sufficiently long time (e. g. , a few milliseconds, corresponding to a count rate well under a thousand counts per second, cps)
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