A Russian acronym meaning “vortex oxygen electric smelting”. A flash smelting process for sulfide ores, using oxygen. In 1990, three plants had been built in Russia, one in Italy, and one in Bolivia
Comyns, Alan E. Dictionary, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Named Processes in Chemical Technology (3rd ed.), Alan E. Comyns (Ed.), Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press LLC, USA 2000, http://worldtracker.org/media/library/Science/Chem istry/Synthesis/Encyclopedic%20Dictionary%20of%20N amed%20Processes%20in%20Chemical%20Technology.pdf, (Named Chem Procss - Amer) {35}