"Since the start of the 1980s, the field of crisis management has been characterized by two main trends: planning in crisis management and the analysis of organizational contingencies during a crisis. The literature on crisis management planning consists of a number of normative pronouncements aimed at increasing the efficiency of crisis interventions. Their authors highlight the need for emergency planning (Lagadec, 1991, 1996; Counts & Prowant, 1994; Perry & Nigg, 1985; Denis, 1993, 2002; Bugge, 1993; Sylves & Pavalak; Quarantelli, 1996), defining actions in relation to the various phases of the evolution of a crisis starting with the detection of warning signs up to post-crisis activities (Drabek & Hoetmer, 1991), stressing the development of a culture of security, both within organizations and in the population at large (Lagadec, 1991; Tazieff, 1988; Denis, 1993, 2002; Toft & Reynolds, 1994; Pauchant, 1997), and the training and sensitization of leaders to their roles in times of crisis (Perry & Nigg, 1985; Lagadec, 1991, 1996, 1997; Kuban, 1995; Petak, 1985; Pauchant & Mitroff, 1995). (Lalonde, Crisis Management and Organizational Development, 2007, p. 508)