Exposure 06
Exposure 06 : (a) Contact of an organism with a chemical or physical agent, quantified as the amount of chemical available at the exchange boundaries of the organism and available for absorption. Usually calculated as the mean exposure, and some measure of maximum exposure. [AIHA, 2000: Risk Assessment Principles for the Industrial Hygienist, attributed to USEPA RAGS, 1989]; (b) Contact with a chemical by swallowing, by breathing, or by direct contact (such as through the skin or eyes). Exposure may be short term (acute) or long term (chronic). [ATSDR, 1999: Online Glossary] [New York Department of Health, 1999: Glossary of Environmental Health Terms]; (c) The concentration of the pollutant in the air multiplied by the population exposed to that concentration over a specified time period. [CARB, 2000: Glossary of Air Pollution Terms]; (d) Normally external exposure: the amount of substance ingested, the amount in contact with the skin or either the amount inhaled or the concentration of the substance in the atmosphere (as appropriate). [EC, 1996: Risk Assessment for New Notified Subs]; (e) radiobiology. A quantitative measure of x or gamma radiation at a certain place, based on its ability to produce ionisation in air. The former special unit of exposure was the roentgen (R). 1R = 2.58 x 10_4 C/kg. In the international system (SI unit), the special unit is coulomb per kilogram. (Exposure also is frequently used as a synonym for irradiation). [Graham, 1998: The on Line Medical Dictionary]; (f) Contact made between a chemical, physical, or biological agent and the outer boundary of an organism. Exposure is quantified as the amount of an agent available at the exchange boundaries of the organism (e.g., skin, lungs, gut). [IRIS, 1999: Glossary of IRIS Terms]; (g) An event that occurs when there is contact at a boundary between a human and the environment with a contaminant of a specific concentration for an interval of time; the units of exposure are concentration multiplied by time. [NRC, 1991: Human Exp. for Airborne Pollutants]; (h) Occurs when a person comes into contact with a chemical in their environment. May involve oral ingestion, inhalation, and absorption through the skin or the mucus membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. [NRDC, 1998: Trouble on the Farm]; (i) A condition of oral, dermal, respiratory or ocular contact between a person and a pesticide. [OECD, 1997: Occupational Exposure to Pesticides]; (j) (1) The time integral of the concentration of a toxicant which is in the immediate vicinity of various ports of entry (such as lung, GI tract and skin). (2) Qualitatively, contact between a potentially harmful agent and a receptor (e.g., a human or other organism) that could be affected. [SRA, 1999: Glossary of Risk Analysis Terms, attributed to Stephen L. Brown]; (k) Similar to dose. The combination of concentration of a substance in air and the amount of time a worker is exposed to that concentration gives the total exposure or dose. [University of Kentucky, 1999: Glossary of Safety Terms]; (l) Contact of an organism with a chemical, radiological, or physical agent. Exposure is quantified as the amount of the agent available at the exchange boundaries of the organism (e.g.; skin, lungs, gut) and available for absorption. [USDOE, 2000: RAIS Glossary]; (m) Contact of a chemical, physical, or biological agent with the outer boundary of an organism. Exposure is quantified as the concentration of the agent in the medium in contact integrated over the time duration of that contact. [USEPA, 1992: GL for Exposure Assessment] [USEPA, 1992a: Dermal Exposure Assessment] [REAP, 1995: Residential Exposure Assessment Project] [USEPA, 1997b: Exposure Factors Handbook]; (n) The contact or co-occurrence of a stressor with a receptor. [USEPA, 1997: Guidance on Cumulative Risk Assessment, Planning and Scoping] [USEPA, 1998a: Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment] [CENR, 1999: Ecorisk in the Federal Government]; (o) The amount of radiation or pollutant present in a given environment that represents a potential health threat to living organisms. [USEPA, 1997a: EPA Terms of Environment]; (p) A measure of the environment leading to a dose. Exposure is quantified as the concentration of the agent in the medium in contact, integrated over the duration of the contact [USEPA, 1998: Postapp. Exposure Test GL.]; (q) Exposure does not equal poisoning, it is the dose. If you smell ammonia you have been exposed but you have not been poisoned with ammonia gas. [WSU, 1999: Definitions and Abbreviations of Veterinary Terms]; r. Contact between an agent and a target [Zartarian, et al., 1997: Quant. Def. of Exp. & Related Concepts]
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