Exposure Assessment 02
Exposure Assessment 02 : Medicine. (a) Measurement or estimation of the magnitude, frequency, duration and route of exposure to a substance for the populations of interest. [CARB, 2000: Glossary of Air Pollution Terms]; (b) Identifying the ways in which chemicals may reach individuals (e.g., by breathing); estimating how much of a chemical an individual is likely to be exposed to; and estimating the number of individuals likely to be exposed. [ED, 2000: Environmental Scorecard Glossary]; (c) The qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the likely intake of biological, chemical or physical agents via food as well as exposure from other sources if relevant. [FAO/WHO, 1997: Food Consumption & Exp. Assessment of Chemicals]; (d) An identification and evaluation of the human population exposed to a toxic agent, describing its composition and size, as well as the type, magnitude, frequency, route and duration of exposure. [IRIS, 1999: Glossary of IRIS Terms]; (e) An estimate of the number of people who will be exposed to a chemical, along with the concentration, duration and terms of the exposure. [JHU, 1999: Altweb Glossary]; (f) A process that estimates the amount of a chemical that enters or comes into contact with people. An exposure assessment also describes the length of time and the nature and size of a population exposed to a chemical. [New York Department of Health, 1999: Glossary of Environmental Health Terms]; (g) The process of measuring or estimating the intensity, frequency, and duration of human exposures to an agent currently present in the environment or of estimating hypothetical exposure that might arise from the release of new chemicals into the environment. In its most complete form, it describes the magnitude, duration, schedule, and route of exposures; the size, nature, and classes of the human populations exposed; and the uncertainties in all estimates. Exposure assessment is often used to identify feasible prospective control options and to predict the effects of available control technologies on exposure. [NRC 1983: Risk Assessment in the Federal Government]; (h) Involves numerous techniques to identify the contaminant, contaminant sources, environmental media of exposure, transport through each medium, chemical and physical transformations, routes of entry to the body, intensity and frequency of contact, and spatial and temporal concentration patterns of the contaminant. An array of techniques can be employed, ranging from estimating the number of people exposed and contaminant concentrations to sophisticated methodology employing contaminant monitoring, modeling, and human biological marker measurement. [NRC, 1991: Human Exp. for Airborne Pollutants]; (i) The third step in the assessment of risks to humans from potentially toxic agents, in which the nature and size of the human population exposed to a toxic agent, and the magnitude and duration of these exposures are described. Exposure assessment can include both current and anticipated future exposures. Factors important in exposure assessment include: (1) numbers of potentially exposed individuals, (2) route, frequency and duration of exposure, and (3) distribution of age, gender, and unique conditions such as pregnancy, childhood, old age, pre-existing illnesses, and lifestyle within the population of interest. [OFA, 2000: Oxyfuels Glossary]; (j) The process of measuring or estimating the intensity, frequency, and duration of human exposures to an agent currently present in the environment or of estimating hypothetical exposures that might arise from the release of new chemicals into the environment. [SRA, 1999: Glossary of Risk Analysis Terms] [USDOE, 2000: RAIS Glossary]; (k) The determination or estimation (qualitative or quantitative) of the magnitude, frequency, duration, and route of exposure. [USEPA, 1992: GL for Exposure Assessment] [USEPA, 1992a: Dermal Exposure Assessment] [REAP, 1995: Residential Exposure Assessment Project] [USEPA, 1997b: Exposure Factors Handbook] [AIHA, 2000: Risk Assessment Principles for the Industrial Hygienist]; (l) Identifying the pathways by which toxicants may reach individuals, estimating how much of a chemical an individual is likely to be exposed to, and estimating the number likely to be exposed. [USEPA, 1997a: EPA Terms of Environment]
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