Flow Deflectors : Triangular or circular structures installed on or immediately upstream from the footings of bridge piers to deflect the flow thereby reducing the flow velocities and preventing scour of the pier footings
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Flood Hazard Mitigation Handbook (FEMA Hazard Mitigation Handbook Series - Helping People before, during and after disasters), Appendix B: Glossary & Index of Flood Damage Keywords, Washington D.C., USA 2002. http://www.conservationtech.com/FEMA-WEB/FEMA-subw eb-flood/01-06-FLOOD/8-Appendices/appendix-B.htm, (ND/ Flood - Amer) {62}