Ground Shaking 2
Ground Shaking 2 : The dynamic, elastic, vibration of the ground in response to the arrival and propagation of the elastic P, S, Love, and Rayleigh seismic waves. Ground shaking, of primary interest to the engineer performing design, is characterized in terms of amplitude, frequency composition, and duration. All structures are vulnerable at some amplitude, period, and duration of ground shaking. Depending upon the available data, ground shaking is quantified in terms of Modified Mercalli Intensity (the least precise) or in terms of ground acceleration, ground velocity, ground displacement, and spectral response (the most precise). Ground shaking can be increased by soil amplification, source directivity, topography, a shallow focal depth, surface fault rupture, and the fling of the fault which is thought to be the cause of the "killer pulse, " a long-duration acceleration pulse
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