A general term for a relatively hard layer of soil at or just below the ground surface, cemented by silica, iron oxide, calcium carbonate, or organic matter. compare caliche, claypan, fragipan.
Iowa State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Glossary of Geologic Terms (based on the glossary in Earth: An Introduction to Geologic Change, by S. Judson and S.M. Richardson, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1995), Iowa, USA 2004. http://www.ge-at.iastate.edu/courses/Geol_100/old_ files/glossary.v2.html, (ND/ Geol - Amer) {111}