Industrial Hygiene and Control of Workplace Exposures: Industrial or occupational hygiene is defined as the science devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of those workplace environmental health hazards/stressors which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or members of the community. The focus is on identification and control of occupational health hazards. Industrial hygiene programme components include: (a) hazard identification; (b) risk evaluation relative to hazard exposure; (c) hazard monitoring; (d) control plan development; (e) employee training and control plan implementation; and (f) evaluation of the effectiveness of controls. Workplace environmental health hazards include: (a) Chemical: dusts/fibres, fumes, mists/aerosols, gases, vapours, smokes. (b) Physical: noise, vibration, radiation (ionizing and non-ionizing), temperature (heat or cold stress), illumination, pressure, ventilation, NORM, asbestos. (c) Biological: bacteria, viruses, fungi, moulds, parasites, insects, and animals. (d) Ergonomic/human factors: repetitive motions, manual handling, fatigue, work station design/operations, shift work. (e) Psychosocial: workplace stress related to workload, organizational changes, conflict management, job satisfaction, employee-job fit, fatigue, aging workforce. Occupational health programmes should complement industrial hygiene risk assessments to identify health hazards, control worker exposure, protect the health of employees, and prevent occupational illnesses and injuries. Infection Control Measures in Field Medical Operations: The focus of the general principles outlined here is on reducing the risk of disease transmission in the health-care setting, rather than in the wider community. Prevention strategies in the Health-Care Setting: The core prevention strategies include: (A) Standard Precautions: (1) Hand hygiene - wash hands thoroughly with soap and water or use an alcohol-based rub. Hand hygiene is required for standard precautions (previously called universal precautions, and assumes blood and body fluid of ANY patient could be infectious) and expanded precautions (to include contact precautions, droplet precautions and airborne infection isolation). (2) Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette. (3) Sterilization and disinfection of medical materials. (4) Prevention and management of injuries from medical instruments. (B) Early detection of disease and isolation precautions: (1) worker placement in relation to activities; and (2) use of PPE. Isolation precautions can be categorized as standard  precautions (which assumes that blood and body fluids of ANY person could be infectious), or expanded precautions (to include contact precautions, droplet precautions, and airborne infection isolation. (C) Environmental and engineering infection control measures. The basic issues related to health-care workers health include: (1) pre- and post-employment screening to identify conditions that may put workers at risk; and (2) vaccinations. (D) Personal protective equipment (PPE): The types of PPE which should be utilized by health professionals, dependent on the identified hazard, include: (1) gloves for hand protection; (2) masks and respirators for mouth and nose protection; (3) goggles for eye protection; (4) face shields for face, mouth, nose and eye protection; and (5) gowns or aprons for skin and/or clothing protection. Contact precautions require the use of gown and gloves for contact with persons or environment of care (i.e. medical equipment, environmental surfaces). Droplet precautions require the use of surgical masks within three feet of the person. Airborne infection isolation requires a particulate respirator.