"Effective planning is the 'center of gravity' for executing a coordinated Federal response to a national domestic incident. Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) -5, directed the development of a National Incident Management System (NIMS) and a National Response Plan (NRP) to align Federal coordination structures, capabilities, and resources into a unified, all-discipline, and all-hazards approach to domestic incident management. Subsequently, the Homeland Security Council published The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned in February 2006.89 This publication provided a series of recommendations, including the requirement to develop and resource a national planning and execution system. The Department of Homeland Security National Planning and Execution System (NPES) is the first step toward satisfying that requirement". 90 "The NPES is similar to the Department of Defense (DOD) Joint Operations Planning and Execution System (JOPES) and emerging Adaptive Planning Process (AP). It is designed to facilitate intra-Departmental and interagency planning to support current and emerging DHS mission requirements. (DHS, 2007). Note: By early January 2008 the NPES had morphed into the IPS (Integrated Planning System)