Organizational culture is critical to understanding implementation outcomes for successful emergency management. Organizational culture is the set of symbols, norms, shared values and beliefs, as well as a pattern of basic assumptions that organizational members have developed in learning to cope with organizational problems of external adaptation and internal integration, thereby teaching new members to perceive, think, and feel in relation to their organizations (Ouichi, 1981; Schein, 1984).93 In implementing emergency management plans, government agencies need to adopt or consider markedly different styles of thinking and values which are involved in organizational cultures of other organizations. In fact, emergency management emphasizes effective communication patterns for effective interorganizational relationships among relevant organizations. This consensus building is emphasized in emergency management for establishing effective communication among participants. (Choi, Emergency Management: Implications from a Strategic Management Perspective, Journal of HLS and EM, Vol. 5, Issue 1, Article 1, 2008, 9)