“…almost all groups that appear in a community emergency can be classified as being one of four possible types”. (1) Type I: Established - carries out regular tasks (2) Type II: Expanding - expanding organization with regular tasks (3) Type III: Extending - existing organization undertaking non-regular tasks (4) Type IV: Emergent - new group, engages in non-regular tasks”. (Dynes, et al, A Perspective on Disaster Planning (3rd. Ed.), 1981, p. 58; See also: Warheit and Dynes, The Functioning of Established Organizations in Community Disasters, 1968, pp. 35-43) “The major planning implication of this [is] the need for overall coordination. There are different elements and different groups involved in most community disasters. All of the elements and all of the groups have to be integrated together if there is to be any effective response to an emergency. This requires planning”. (Dynes, A Perspective on Disaster Planning (3rd. Ed.), 1981, p. 67)